SS-31

SS-31 (Szeto-Schiller peptide 31, also known by its INN Elamipretide, with the sequence D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2) is a cell-permeable, mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that selectively concentrates within the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) at approximately 1000-fold higher concentrations than in the cytoplasm.

Its primary mechanism involves binding to cardiolipin — an anionic phospholipid unique to the IMM — stabilizing mitochondrial cristae architecture and the electron transport chain (ETC) supercomplexes. This prevents cardiolipin peroxidation, reduces mitochondrial ROS generation, and maintains cytochrome c in its electron-carrier role rather than apoptotic trigger. SS-31 has been studied in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury, heart failure, neurodegenerative disease, and age-related mitochondrial dysfunction models.

• Cardiolipin binding and inner mitochondrial membrane stabilization
• Electron transport chain supercomplex preservation research
• ROS reduction and mitochondrial oxidative stress protection
• Cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury models
• Heart failure and mitochondrial dysfunction research
• Age-related mitochondrial decline and bioenergetics studies

Dose levels referenced by the MVLabs peptide calculator, shown for research reference only:

SS-31 (elamipretide) targets cardiolipin/mitochondria. Studied at 5–10 mg daily in research.

Research reference only — not dosing guidance for human use. Use the calculator for other vials or volumes.

Supplied as a lyophilized powder. Store at 2–8 °C on receipt; protect from heat, light and moisture, and avoid excessive agitation. If reconstitution is required for laboratory work, use sterile technique — bacteriostatic water, or 0.6% acetic acid for low-solubility peptides. Protocols vary by research application.